ABSTRACT
Introducción: La infección fúngica invasora (IFI) es una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad en pacientes oncológicos pediátricos y portadores de aplasia medular (AM) severa. Objetivo: Describir la epidemiología de la IFI desde el año 2016 al 2020 en niños con cáncer y AM para evaluar la necesidad de profilaxis antifúngica. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, multicéntrico, en pacientes pediátricos con cáncer y AM severa. Se incluyeron IFI probables y probadas. Resultados: Se diagnosticaron 57 casos de IFI, mediana de edad 9 años, 70% probadas y 30% probables. Hubo 42% de infecciones por levaduras y 56% por hongos filamentosos. Los sitios de infección más frecuentes fueron pulmón 38%, sangre 36% y rinosinusal 21%. La frecuencia global fue 5,4%; de ellas 21% en AM severa, 10% en leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA), 6,9% en recaída de LMA, 5,4% en recaída de leucemia linfática aguda (LLA), 3,8% en LLA. Las infecciones por hongos filamentosos predominaron en LMA, recaída de LMA. y AM severa. La mortalidad en pacientes con IFI fue de 11%. Conclusión: La frecuencia de IFI concuerda con la literatura médica. Recomendamos profilaxis antifúngica contra hongos filamentosos en pacientes con AM severa, LMA y recaída de LMA. Considerar en recaída de LLA de alto riesgo en etapa de inducción.
Background: Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric oncology patients and severe aplastic anemia (SAA). Aim: To describe the epidemiology of IFI from 2016 to 2020 in children with cancer and SAA to assess the indication of antifungal prophylaxis. Methods: Multicenter, retrospective study of IFIs in pediatric oncology patients and SAA. Probable and proven IFIs were included. Results: Over the 5-year period, 57 IFIs were found, median age 9 years, 70% were proven and 30% were probable. Yeast infections were 42% and mold infections 56%. The most frequent infection sites were lung 38%, blood 36% and rhinosinusal 21%. The total IFI frequency was 5.4%, 21% in SAA, 10% in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 6.9% in relapsed AML, 5.4% in relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 3.8% in ALL. Mold infections were predominant in AML, relapsed AML, and SAA. IFIs mortality was 11%. Conclusion: Frequency of IFI was consistent with the literature. We strongly recommend antifungal prophylaxis against mold infections in patients with SAA, AML, and relapsed AML. Would consider in high risk ALL relapse in induction chemotherapy.
ABSTRACT
Resumen Las infecciones fúngicas invasoras (IFI) constituyen una de las principales complicaciones infecciosas en pacientes oncohematológicos y con trasplante de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas (TCPH), ocasionando alta morbimortalidad e incrementando significativamente los costos de atención y la estadía hos pitalaria. La epidemiología de las IFI ha cambiado en las últimas décadas, siendo los hongos filamentosos, particularmente Aspergillus spp., los principales agentes etiológicos. Existen múltiples factores de riesgo para una IFI; pero la neutropenia profunda y prolongada, y la inmunodeficiencia celular severa siguen siendo los más importantes. Por este motivo, la población de mayor riesgo la constituyen los pacientes con leucemias agudas, mielodisplasias y TCPH alogénicos con enfermedad injerto contra huésped (EICH), en tratamiento con corticoides. Numerosos ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y metaanálisis han demostrado que la profilaxis antifúngica primaria (PAF) reduce significativamente la incidencia de IFI, tanto de aquellas causadas por Candida spp. como por Aspergillus spp., la mortalidad relacionada a IFI y la mortalidad global en algunos grupos de pacientes. Asimismo, en enfermos de alto riesgo, en donde se espera una incidencia de IFI elevada, es una estrategia costo-efectiva. Varios antifúngicos han demostrado beneficio clínico y pueden utilizarse como estrategia de PAF en diferentes escenarios, presentando ventajas y desventajas que deben ser tenidas en cuenta al momento de indicar una PAF. Para esto, sociedades científicas nacionales e internacionales, han emitido recomendaciones de indicación de PAF. Se analizan los aspectos relacionados con la eficacia clínica de los diferentes antifúngicos según la población de riesgo, las potenciales desventajas, momento y forma de administración.
Abstract Invasive fungal infections (IFI) are among the main infectious complications in patients with hema tological malignancies and with hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), causing high morbidity and mortality and significantly increasing the healthcare cost and hospital stay. The epidemiology of IFIs has changed in recent decades, with filamentous fungi, particularly Aspergillus spp., being the main etiological agents. There are multiple risk factors for having an IFI; however, the most important are profound and prolonged neutropenia and severe cellular immunodeficiency. For this reason, the population at greatest risk is made up of patients with acute leukemias, myelodysplasias and allogeneic HSCT with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) treated with cortico steroids. Numerous randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses have shown that primary antifungal prophylaxis (AFP) significantly reduces the incidence of IFI, particularly those caused by Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp., IFI-related mortality, and overall mortality in some group of patients. Likewise, in high-risk patients, where a high incidence of IFI is expected, it is a cost-effective strategy. Several antifungals have demonstrated clinical benefit. They can be used as a AFP strategy in different settings, presenting advantages and disadvantages that must be taken into account in each case. For this, national and international scientific societies have issued recom mendations for the indication of AFP. Aspects related to the different antifungals' clinical efficacy are analyzed considering the population at risk, the potential disadvantages, timing, and form of administration.
Subject(s)
Humans , Myelodysplastic Syndromes , Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects , Graft vs Host Disease , Neutropenia/drug therapy , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Posaconazole is a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal agent and the most recommended prophylactic antifungal agent for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) undergoing induction chemotherapy. In this study, we evaluated the status and effectiveness of posaconazole as a prophylactic antifungal agent in pediatric patients receiving induction chemotherapy for AML. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of 36 pediatric patients with AML (between January 2013 and September 2017) at the Yonsei University Health System. Invasive fungal disease (IFD) was assessed as the primary endpoint of prophylactic antifungal effect. The secondary endpoints were incidence of fever, persistent fever despite the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for 72 h, alteration of antifungal agent, intensive care unit admission, and death within 100 days. RESULTS: Among the 36 patients, 18 patients used posaconazole, 12 were treated with suspension formula, and 6 of them were treated with tablets. Eighteen patients did not use antifungal agents prophylactically. The mean number of days of posaconazole administration was 26.8±16 days. IFD occurred in 2/18 (11.1%) patients in the no prophylaxis group and in 1/18 (5.6%) patients in the posaconazole group (p=0.49). CONCLUSION: Posaconazole is expected to be useful for the prevention of IFD in pediatric patients with AML undergoing induction chemotherapy. Prospective studies of the effectiveness of posaconazole prophylaxis should be conducted in more pediatric patients in the future.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Antifungal Agents , Electronic Health Records , Fever , Incidence , Induction Chemotherapy , Intensive Care Units , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute , Pediatrics , Prospective Studies , Retrospective Studies , TabletsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: We evaluated the outcomes of serum galactomannan (GM) assay for the screening of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) recipients while on primary antifungal prophylaxis (PAP). METHODS: This study included patients with hematologic disorders who underwent alloHSCT from January 2013 to November 2015. Patients received routine PAP with fluconazole before 2014 and micafungin after 2014; serum GM tests were performed and retrospectively analyzed. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of serum GM tests for detection of probable/proven IPA were evaluated. The serial change of serum GM levels was illustrated on a time series plot. RESULTS: A total of 136 alloHSCT recipients at Seoul National University Hospital were included in the study. Fluconazole was administered in 72 patients for PAP, while micafungin was administered in the remaining 64 patients. The overall sensitivity, specificity, and NPV of serum GM assays were 95.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 78.9–99.9%), 93.8% (95% CI 91.7–95.5%), and 99.8% (95% CI 99.1–100.0%), respectively. However, the PPV of GM tests was relatively low at 35.4% (95% CI 23.9–48.2%). The serial change in serum GM levels differed according to the antifungal agents used. With effective PAP using micafungin, serial serum GM levels showed zero order kinetics during the neutropenic period. CONCLUSION: Although the serum GM assay is a sensitive and specific test for detecting IPA in alloHSCT recipients, its role for routine surveillance in an era of effective PAP with micafungin is limited.
Subject(s)
Humans , Antifungal Agents , Fluconazole , Hematology , Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation , Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis , Kinetics , Mass Screening , Retrospective Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity , Seoul , Stem Cell Transplantation , Stem CellsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The risk of invasive fungal infection is greater for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) than for autologous transplantation. Therefore, many transplantation centers use antifungal prophylaxis for allogeneic HSCT, however, there exists no standard guidelines or consensus regarding autologous HSCT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective double-blind randomized study was conducted in autologous HSCT recipients who were divided into prophylaxis and empirical treatment groups, and we investigated the efficacy of itraconazole prophylaxis in pediatric autologous HSCT. RESULTS: Total 87 autologous HSCT episodes in 55 children with high-risk solid tumors were studied. No invasive fungal infections occurred in either group. However, patients in the prophylaxis group had a significantly shorter duration of fever (p < 0.05) and received antibacterial treatment of shorter duration (p < 0.05) with fewer numbers of antibiotics (p < 0.05 for the use of second line antibiotics) than those in the empirical group. No significant additional adverse events were found with itraconazole prophylaxis. CONCLUSION: Although beneficial effects such as a shorter duration of fever and reduced need for antibiotic use were observed in the prophylaxis group, the results were not sufficient to draw a definite recommendation about the routine use of antifungal prophylaxis in pediatric autologous HSCT recipients with high-risk solid tumors (Trial registration: NCT00336531).